This study examines the ethical complexities surrounding the integration of Generative AI (GenAI) in Maltese secondary education. Adopting a qualitative, interpretivist approach, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with six students (aged 11–16), four teachers, and one Head of Department. Interviews were conducted online, transcribed verbatim, and analysed inductively using Braun and Clarke’s six-phase thematic analysis.
Findings reveal both convergence and divergence across participant groups. Students primarily framed GenAI as a practical learning aid that supports efficiency and understanding, while also expressing unease about over-reliance and its impact on learning. Teachers were generally supportive of AI use but emphasised academic integrity, critical engagement, and the need to prevent passive dependence. The Head of Department highlighted institutional challenges, including inconsistent practices and the absence of clear policy direction. Four themes emerged: (1) contested ethical boundaries of AI use, (2) the need for structured AI education and clearer guidelines, (3) tensions around fairness, particularly between access and assessment integrity, and (4) the future-oriented necessity of AI integration.
Framed through James Moor’s concept of policy and conceptual vacuums, the study identifies gaps in shared understanding and institutional preparedness. It argues for the systematic integration of AI literacy, clearer policy frameworks, and targeted professional development. The Maltese case offers contextually grounded insights for education systems navigating similar ethical and pedagogical challenges in the age of GenAI.

Authors:
Lucianne Zammit, University of Malta, Malta
Luana Bonnici, University of Malta, Malta

About the Presenter(s)
Dr Lucianne Zammit is a Resident Academic Lecturer at the University of Malta’s Faculty of Education, specialising in the teaching of Ethics in schools. She is currently working on projects related to AI ethics and education.

Connect on Linkedin
https://www.linkedin.com/in/lucianne-zammit/

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